Alternative intellectual property laws relating to the use of languages in IP organisations can result in an asymmetric distribution of costs of patenting between innovators. We present a framework for the characterisation and evaluation of the fairness of the language regime of the European...

We analyze the duration and outcomes of patent examination at the European Patent Office utilizing an unusually rich data set covering a random sample of 215,265 applications filed between 1982 and 1998. In our empirical analysis, we distinguish between three groups of determinants: applicant...

The EPO traditionally grants at least 60% of all patent applications, the rest being either withdrawn (30-35 %) or refused (5%). This paper provides quantitative evidence suggesting that up to 54% of all patent withdrawals could be considered as induced by the work of EPO examiners, and hence...

We analyze the duration of the patent examination process at the European Patent Office (EPO). Our data contain information related to the patent’s economic and technical relevance, EPO capacity and workload as well as novel citation measures which are derived from the EPO’s search reports....

We analyse the determinants of opposition to biotechnology and pharmaceutical patents granted by the European Patent Office between 1978–96. Opposition can be considered an early form of patent validity challenge suit. In our sample, 8.6% of the patents are attacked in opposition proceedings....

The financial plans of the Greek Ministry of Defense (MoD) for the year 2013 include a big amount of money in support of the national defense system. Nevertheless, comparing MoD's annual budgets of the last two years, we can see that in 2013 less money than in 2012 were allocated to the MoD by...

Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit transnationalen Gewerkschaftsstrategien im Feld der Lohnpolitik und adressiert zwei bislang in der Literatur ungeklärte Fragen: (1) Wie kann grenzüberschreitende Kooperation zur Errichtung von Normen tariflicher Koordinierung unter wenig förderlichen...

New Public Management (NPM) has triggered far-reaching transformations within hospital sectors worldwide and professionalized hospital management has put employee representation under pressure. In this context the current state of research points out that codetermination actors are taking...

This inquiry contributes to the literature on the development of 'nonprofit marketing thought' by describing how the field's early period established a legacy effect on nonprofit marketing scholarship to the present day. This qualitative work uses a wide variety of sources from a protracted...