Leaving home and entering service was a key transition in early modern England. This paper presents evidence on the age of apprenticeship in London. Using a new sample of 22,156 apprentices bound between 1575 and 1810, we find that apprentices became younger (from 17.4 to 14.7 years) and more...

When taking into account time, services can experience similar productivity gains as manufacturing. Motion pictures constituted the first technology that industrialized a labour-intensive service. Measuring output in time spent consuming them doubles output growth from 4.2 to as much as 9...

This paper examines the effect of a new technology on a labour-intensive service. Comparing primal and dual TFP-growth with final-year social savings, we find that, between 1900 and 1938, motion pictures increased entertainment output (measured in spectator-hours) by at least nine percent...

At the start of the long wars against Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, the taxes available to the British state fell mainly on outlays made by its citizens, upon domestically produced commodities and services. Smaller proportions came from import duties and direct taxes upon their incomes...

This paper estimates and compares the benefits cinema technology generated to society in Britain, France and the US between 1900 and 1938. It is shown how cinema industrialised live entertainment, by standardisation, automation and making it tradable. The economic impact is measured in three...

This paper re-examines the economics of premodernapprenticeship in England. I present new data showing that ahigh proportion of apprenticeships in seventeenth centuryLondon ended before the term of service was finished. I thenpropose a new account of how training costs and repaymentswere...

During the same period in which political decisions became increasingly indistinguishable from decisions about science and technology, science and technology became increasingly incomprehensible to all but a few specialists. Maintaining a healthy participatory democracy under such conditions...

The existence of trust in an IT-based service and its providers is an important basis for, amongothers, the decision to adopt and continuously use such services. It also improves the chances forthe successful collaboration in virtual teams and forming strategic alliances. Due to itsimportance...

AbstractIn this paper we compare different approaches and show the need for systematic requirementsengineering for hybrid products beyond disciplinary boundaries. Hybrid products consist ofcombinations of hardware, software and service elements. The purpose of this paper is to report ona...

Our analysis of seven companies from the German medical engineering industryrevealed that product-service-systems play a central role in value creation. Customer solutionsare highly individual and often consist of a medical product and corresponding servicesspanning the complete product life...