Since the early 1990s, many companies have begun adopting lean principles and practices. While it appears to be an effective methodology to improve operational efficiency and process productivity, lean implementation has failed in many organisations with their performance sliding back to the...

In the current competitive market, many enterprises face the fierce competitions that are between the companies and also between supply chains. From the whole supply chain point of view, complete circulating logistic systems must include forward logistics and Reverse Logistics (RL). This study...