Companies need to measure brand equity to make the best tactical and strategic decisions related to this intangible asset. Therefore, this paper develops a measure of brand equity using a formative approach. Unlike previous research, this study proposes a second-order formative model and...

With no universal approach for measuring brand performance, we show how a consumer-based brand measure was developed for corporate financial services brands. Churchill's paradigm was adopted. A literature review and 20 depth interviews with experts suggested that brand loyalty, consumer...

This paper explores the ways that services brand values are communicated to both staff and customers. Values are communicated to employees via overt internal communications, the ripple effect, senior management example/involvement, HR activities and external communications. A number of failure...