-income children. Our findings suggest that parental time investments are neutral to early skills gaps, while monetary investments are …

life. We find negative effects of rainfall shocks on receptive vocabulary at age 5, and on mathematics and non …

. This closes one-third of the gap between children with median and bottom quartile family income, and is about 80 percent as … large as model programs such as Perry Preschool. The long-term impact for disadvantaged children is large despite “fadeout …

We study the spillover effects of immigration enforcement policies on children's human capital. Exploiting the temporal …-born children with at least one undocumented parent are negatively affected by the introduction of these policies. Changes in … parental investment behavior cause this reduction in children's English skills. Parents are less likely to enroll their …