This report is about how to progressively reduce over time Afghanistan's dependence on opium - currently the country …'s leading economic activity - by development initiatives and shifting economic incentives toward sustainable legal livelihoods … that can counterbalance the economic advantages of opium. It analyzes ways to change the relative incentives between licit …

We document the evolution of productivity in a steel mini mill with fixed capital, producing an unchanged product with … productivity gains to investment and an incentive plan, we are left with a large unexplained component. Learning by experimentation …, or tweaking, seems to be behind the continual and gradual process of productivity growth. The findings suggest that …

agents in a highly non-linear incentive system, we find that the improvement in productivity far outweighed the costs … accordingly focus more on the productivity-enhancing than on the distortionary effects. …

, which can ultimately impede the productivity of the team. To address this problem, we conduct a field experiment at a … managers, coupled with bonuses based on their leadership rank among all leaders. Our intervention increased worker productivity … by approximately 7%, while leaving team leaders' productivity unchanged, and was profitable for the firm. During the …