Given the computational challenges associated with valuing large variable annuity (VA) portfolios, a variety of data mining frameworks, including metamodeling and active learning, have been proposed in recent years. Active learning, a promising alternative to metamodeling, enhances the...

Artificial intelligence and machine learning have increasing influence on the financial sector, but also on economy as a whole. The impact of artificial intelligence and machine learning on banking risk management has become particularly interesting after the global financial crisis. The...