We study cartels that operated in the US generic drug industry, leveraging quarterly Medicaid data from 2011-2018 and a … difference-in-differences approach comparing the evolution of prices of allegedly collusive drugs with a group of competitive … across- and within-drug heterogeneity. We focus on six drug markets that that were part of the expanded initial complaint and …

External reference pricing (ERP), the practice of benchmarking domestic drug prices to foreign prices, generates an … increases entry delays in eight low-income European countries by up to one year per drug. The European Union could remove these … delays without replacing ERP by compensating firms through lump-sum transfers at the cost of around 18 million euro per drug …

the effect of switching costs and perceived quality differences on prices. First, an increase in the length of procurement … mimics a reduction of switching costs and increases prices. While the effect of switching costs on prices in theory is … everyone acts as a medical expert and experiences fewer brand premia, prices decrease …