are consistent with these grades being insufficiently salient for students to alter actual student behaviors …

analyses with individual fixed effects, we evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lower-income students' academic … performance during the spring 2020 semester relative to their higher-income peers. We find a differential effect by students' pre …-COVID-19 academic performance. Top-performing lower-income students experienced a decrease in both grades (5% lower) and earned …

- on school performance. We combine data from the National Educational Panel Study covering 5348 primary school students …

We present direct evidence on the link between children’s patience and educational-track choices years later. Combining … an incentivized patience measure of 493 primary-school children with their high-school track choices taken at least three …