are consistent with these grades being insufficiently salient for students to alter actual student behaviors …

students. However, this may come at a cost since the existing literature emphasises the negative association between …. Specifically, for three consecutive years, students at two Belgian universities, in more than ten different study programmes, were … surveyed on their multitasking preferences and academic performance. Then, these results were merged with the students' exam …

– longitudinal data on students' smartphone use and educational performance. For three consecutive years we surveyed all students … of academic achievement. These survey data were merged with the exam scores of these students. We analysed the resulting …

between students' frequency of smartphone use and their academic success. However, the strength of this association is …

use, and other drivers of academic success with the exam scores of first-year students at two Belgian universities. The …

- on school performance. We combine data from the National Educational Panel Study covering 5348 primary school students …