US scores, can be explained by school programmatic, institutional, and resource differences after controlling for family … family SES has a strong impact on students’ achievement, it does not explain the US achievement gap with other developed OECD …

of time-varying family factors for child achievement and time use. Specifically, I take a model of academic achievement … commonly used in the test score literature, and I augment it to include a family-year effect. Identification comes from the … effects reveal that annual family innovations, relative to what was expected based on the previous year, are more important …