This paper develops and estimates a structural model of differentiated-products demand in an environment with in-store displays and costly consumer price search. This investigation is motivated by two stylized facts on retail markets. First, the prevalence of retail “sales” means that...

To influence demand, some online retailers post messages (e.g., “5 units or less left in stock”) on their product pages to signal impending stockouts. These “scarcity” messages provide consumers “partial” inventory information, revealing only an upper bound on the number of units...