class regarding the student's current grade. This "grade nudge" explains precisely how the assignment will impact the … student's final grade given their current standing in the class. Through a randomized trial, the authors show that the nudge …

When students receive better grades without any corresponding increase in ability, this is called grade inflation …

grading standards on student outcomes are relatively understudied. Using administrative data that links individual students … characteristics and levels of ability, students' relative rank within the classroom, and school context. High teacher grading …

This paper contrasts measures of teacher effectiveness with the students' evaluations for the same teachers using … in follow-on coursework of students who are randomly assigned to teachers in each of their compulsory courses. We find … material, teachers still matter substantially. The average difference in subsequent performance between students who were …