-student variation across subfields in natural science (i.e., physics, chemistry, biology, and Earth science). Using middle-school …

Students face four decision margins: (a) How many years to spend in school, (b) What to study, (c) How much effort to … effects on learning or dropout rates but they do appear to have positive effects on the reputation of high school graduates … not internalize the externalities that are pervasive in school settings and as a result students typically devote less …

-student variation across subfields in natural science (i.e., physics, chemistry, biology, and Earth science). Using middle-school …

, demographics, home address moves, and school changes - with real estate records indicating whether the student lived at an address … school-level (by grade and year) student mobility - that is, inflows of new students to a school during the school year …. We find fairly robust evidence that higher student mobility at a school, induced by residential moves, imposes …

foreclosure. They also explore the impact on individual test scores of inflows of new students to a school during the school year …