A key advantage of online advertising over offline is that online advertising can, with sufficient data, be far more accurately targeted than traditional advertising. But how much data is enough? The empirical literature tends to suggest that there are indeed economies of scale in using data for...

The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the fundamental importance of telecommunications networks. This paper utilizes data from a large North American network operator to examine the role of telecom networks in enabling public health and economic responses to the pandemic. During the pandemic,...