This study aims to suggest using the interpretation type of deployment of quality function deployment (QFD) as a methodology to understand the passengers’ needs when they situate in the train cars of urban rail, using the East Rail Line (ERL) in Hong Kong as a case study. The result shows that...

Open innovation contributes to serving the customers of organizations with higher quality, as the customers become an active part of the innovation process. A successful solution for implementing open innovation can be achieved if organizations first create a total quality management (TQM)...