Copycat brands imitate the trade dress of a leader brand to free ride on the latter's equity. Copycats can imitate the distinctive, perceptual features of the leader brand, such as the lilac color of the Milka chocolate brand, or they can imitate the underlying meaning or theme of the leader...

The authors propose a model of gift evaluation by consumers, which specifies that the total value or utility of a gift transaction is an additive and a multiplicative function of the acquisition utility and exchange utility of the gift. They apply the model to the evaluation of money as a gift,...