grading standards on student outcomes are relatively understudied. Using administrative data that links individual students … characteristics and levels of ability, students' relative rank within the classroom, and school context. High teacher grading …

students. We use administrative data from North Carolina elementary schools to examine the extent to which teachers vary in … of students who do not receive disciplinary sanctions from the teacher. Similarly, while teachers with a racial bias in … the use of referrals do not negatively affect academic outcomes for White students, they significantly increase …

We examine the role of teachers and students in the formation of test scores at the higher secondary level (grade 12 …

We examine the role of teachers and students in the formation of grade 12 test scores in public schools in Delhi. There …