This paper tests for the existence and consequences of customer-based racial discrimination in Europe’s five largest … professional soccer leagues. Most of the previous studies focusing on European sports, as opposed to North American sports, either … used wage models to identify discrimination of e.g., black players or focused on nationality instead of ethnicity or race …

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to single out the key variables in the sport sponsorship relationship, and more … involved in the sports club and in basketball in general. As a result, the overall accuracy of the identified sponsors may have … that the results came from only one type of sport and also from sport fans of a specific club, makes their generalization …