National regulatory authorities (NRAs) attempt to encourage participation in spectrum assignments by enhancing entrants' likelihood of success. The question this study addresses is: Can NRA policy tools really affect the probability an entrant wins a 3G spectrum licence? In particular, the...

Internationalisation plays a key role in the strategy of many firms, with one of the key benefits being improved performance. Since the early 1990s, internationalisation has played a central role within the mobile telecommunications industry, giving rise to multinational enterprises operating in...

Once governments in Africa were persuaded to create markets for mobile telecommunications, a complex game of buying and selling licences and licensed operators began, that has seen the rise and fall of multinational enterprises (MNEs). Their geographic footprints reflect complex patterns of when...

This study investigates the use of country of origin image (COI) by an emerging market multinational (EMMN) on their internationalization process. To this end, we integrate COI literature with the attributes that make up Brazil's image abroad. This study conducts a qualitative and descriptive...

A firm's business strategies regarding the choice of a market, market entry timing, and entry mode can significantly influence the firm's performance. A number of factors such as control, experience, and cultural distance can influence the formulation of a firm's market entry strategy – e.g....

There is need for Kenyan small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in particular to focus concern on the orientation of business strategy toward global market strategy, market research geared at obtaining foreign market intelligence, innovation and technology, product adaptation, service orientation,...