We study the collusive efficacy of competition clauses (CC) such as the meeting competition clause (MCC) and the beating competition clauses (BCC) in a general framework. In contrast to previous theoretical studies, we allow for repeated interaction among the retailers and heterogeneity in their...

Manufacturers routinely rely on retailers to reach potential customers. Concurrently, they often offer low-price guarantees (LPGs) to customers who purchase through their direct channel. That is, should consumers find a lower price from distribution partners, manufacturers promise to match or...