Using weekly data on advertising expenditures in various media and response data on awareness, consideration and choice, we test the hierarchy of effects hypothesis. Our empirical results, based on a simultaneous equations model with pooled parameters across brands, suggest that we can reject...

The mere fact that consumers are targeted by advertisements can affect their inference about the expected utility of a product. We build a micro-model where multiple firms compete through targeted advertising. Consumers make inferences from targeted advertising about their potential match values...

Ad content and viewer attention are strategically intertwined. Consumers watch an ad only if they expect sufficient benefit to doing so and advertisers structure ad content (information and entertainment) to make it attractive for consumer attention. We conceptualize these strategic interactions...

This research examines four specific objectives: (1) identifying factors that affect Vietnamese consumer attitudes towards smartphone advertising, (2) measuring the level of impact of the factors, (3) testing the difference of attitudes among groups of consumers with different characteristics in...

Celebrity endorsement is a common practice adopted by companies throughout the world. This practice is increasing more and more now even for the technology industry. Companies use celebrity endorsement to influence consumer purchase intention by improving their brand image in the minds of the...

Due to cluttering in advertisements, firms are unable to communicate effectively with potential customers forcing them to use the celebrity endorsement strategy. This paper aims to examine the effect of celebrity endorsement (i.e. attractiveness, credibility and product match-up), perceived...

I present a model to describe the effects of persuasive advertising targeted at consumers with expectation-based reference-dependent preferences. Persuasive advertising is competitive and increases the salience of advertised products while decreasing the salience of competing products....

Objective - The objectives of this article are threefold; first, to identify factors affecting the effectiveness of social media advertising; second, to classify the factors into four main dimensions (namely: source, social, content and attitudinal); third, to conceptualise the factors and...

Since time immemorial, subliminal advertisement has continued to haunt the society and especially after James Vicary's experiment at New Jersey, it reached a new height. Since then, there has been much argument about whether this can be an efficient technique of marketing communications. Decades...